Drinking lots of water will not protect your kidneys from disease, but avoiding being overweight might.
That is the message from British kidney researcher and specialist Prof Peter Mathieson, who said in Dunedin yesterday there was a need for increased awareness of kidney disease.
That would include an end to people being squeamish about urine.
People were insufficiently receptive to the messages about keeping their kidneys healthy, but it was the job of health professionals to make information about kidney disease more accessible.
Kidney disease was "not a very sexy subject", but it was a significant health burden.
The best way to prevent kidney disease was to control diabetes and obesity.
Not gaining weight was the most important thing people could do to keep their kidneys healthy, Prof Mathieson said.
Having your blood pressure checked and controlled if necessary, moderating salt and alcohol intake, and "good levels" of physical exercise also played a part.
There was no evidence drinking lots of water protected kidneys, and the vogue for everyone to drink bottled water had no health evidence to support it, he said.
The body's thirst mechanism was extremely powerful and "if you need more water you will feel thirsty. If you don't feel thirsty, you don't need it".
Tap water was perfectly adequate, he said.
However, in some very hot parts of the world, such as Saudi Arabia, there was a need to keep up fluid intake to prevent the urine becoming too concentrated, because this could lead to kidney stones.
Prof Mathieson would ban high energy drinks if he could.
While they did not have a direct damaging effect on kidneys, their high calories led to associated health risks.
There were "very powerful" statistics suggesting the current generation of children would have a lower life expectancy than their parents.
Parents, who generally wanted their children to have a "better deal", should start disease prevention early.
This included encouraging physical activity and avoiding junk foods and high calorie drinks.
In the United Kingdom, there had been an emphasis on increasing physical exercise in the young, but this was not addressing the major problem of calorie intake, he said.
Prof Mathieson, who was the foundation professor of renal medicine at Bristol University where he is now the dean of medicine and dentistry, has been studying protein in urine, a sign of kidney disease; and ways to prevent kidney disease.
Often kidney disease was diagnosed late because it did not produce early symptoms.
A key to early detection was screening the urine for protein using sensitive tests, and the United Kingdom Government was being encouraged to introduce that.
In the long term, it was hoped research would lead to the ability to predict, by genetics or other means, who was at risk; and aim preventive strategies at those people.
People needed to realise paying for treating complications from obesity and diabetes rather than concentrating on prevention was "already overwhelming most of the developed world economies" where some form of health rationing was inevitable.
There were not enough kidney transplants available and the cost of dialysis meant clinicians would be forced to choose which patients would get a good quality of life on dialysis because they were dealing with a "finite resource".
2011年9月25日星期日
2011年5月29日星期日
After drug thefts from patients, hospitals are working to prevent such crimes, improve safety
Over six months last year, nearly 1,500 pills prescribed to 35 residents of a Sauk Rapids health care facility went missing under nurse Lora Asfeld's watch.
Asfeld later admitted to stealing the drugs, mostly painkillers. She was fired, reported to police and had her license suspended in February by the Minnesota Board of Nursing — one of 13 licensees to be disciplined over a roughly four-month period for stealing pain medication.
While drug thefts have long been an issue in hospitals and nursing homes, top health officials are taking new steps to address the problem. The Minnesota Hospital Association and state Health Department are organizing a coalition of hospitals and licensing boards to identify and close loopholes in drug-handling protocols that make it easier to steal.
"People are starting to realize that this is a serious and ongoing problem," said Keith Berge, who chairs Mayo Clinic's medication diversion prevention committee. "They're starting to recognize what they've been seeing. I think we've been seeing this all along and not recognizing it for what it is."
In perhaps the most dramatic recent case, a nurse anesthetist in Minneapolis was accused of taking most of the painkiller intended for a patient undergoing kidney stone surgery in November. A criminal complaint said the nurse told the patient to "man up" as he endured the worst pain.
Opioid pain relievers like fentanyl or oxycodone are the most commonly stolen prescription drugs, according to the Drug Enforcement Agency. Hospital workers have stolen them by replacing a patient's prescription with ibuprofen, siphoning medication from IV bags, taking leftovers meant for the trash, falsifying patient records and forging prescriptions.
Once someone is addicted to prescription drugs, they'll go to great lengths to get their fix, said Ron Buzzeo, who was deputy director of the DEA's Office of Diversion Control for more than two decades before retiring in 1990. He now consults for hospitals.
"People who are abusing drugs are extremely creative," Buzzeo said. "It's difficult to stay one step ahead of them."
There is no central tracking system for drug theft by medical personnel in Minnesota, and since facilities report incidents to a variety of entities, it's difficult to tell how often it happens. Many facilities don't report all drug thefts to the DEA, despite a federal law requiring that they do, said Jack Henderson, supervisor of the DEA's local diversion group.
Hospitals can be vulnerable if they don't have a thorough tracking system for their medications, ideally an electronic one. Since many drugs stolen are bound for the trash, hospitals should also have a disposal system that includes safeguards such as requiring half-empty bottles or syringes be returned to the pharmacy.
Tracking is generally done through software linked to password-protected medication cabinets called automated dispensing units. That lets facilities check for high-use patterns by a certain employee, or for more complaints of pain than usual from patients who should've received enough medication.
In the past decade, most hospitals in Minnesota have gotten automated dispensing machines. At Hennepin County Medical Center, they look like short, wide vending machines. When a nurse enters his or her password, a list of patients pops up, along with the medications for each. Once a medication is selected, a drawer pops open.
If a drug is packaged in a quantity larger than the patient's dose, the remainder must be thrown away. If it's a narcotic, many hospitals require nurses to have a co-worker verify they watched by typing their password into the machine.
After a 2008 incident in a Mayo hospital in Mankato in which a nurse replaced fentanyl with saline, Mayo Clinic in Rochester formed a committee to improve their protocols. All leftover medication from operating rooms is now collected in a locked drop box that's returned to the pharmacy, which randomly tests them to ensure they weren't diluted, Berge said. That method will soon include all high-use areas.
"This system is expensive, labor-intensive and somewhat cumbersome," Berge said, "but it's the only way you can close the loop on dealing with this problem.'"
In March, St. Cloud Hospital found itself dealing with a rash of unusual infections that it ultimately concluded were caused by a nurse using a syringe to steal painkiller from IV bags. The hospital has taken steps to make that harder, including placing tamper-resistant plastic caps over the ports where medication is added. Plastic bags are placed over the IV bags that can only be removed by perforating them.
High-tech systems such as dispensing machines are expensive. HCMC spent more than $2.5 million on its 80 machines. Smaller hospitals and nursing homes may rely on paper records to spot thefts.
Benedictine Health Systems, a long-term care provider with headquarters in Duluth and Cambridge, typically uses bound notebooks with numbered pages to document medication, and it'd be obvious if a page was missing, said Howard Juni, who provides medications to Benedictine facilities.
Some nursing homes use video cameras. That's how a Burnsville assisted living center caught a health care aide in 2009 stealing OxyContin from an 89-year-old resident and replacing it with ibuprofen. But Juni said placing video cameras in residents' rooms raises privacy issues and can be done only with permission and when there's reason to believe the employee is stealing.
Despite hospitals' best efforts, most experts say it's impossible to eliminate drug theft entirely.
"We could spend an infinite amount of money creating electric fences around these things, and we would still never completely stop the problem," Berge said.
Asfeld later admitted to stealing the drugs, mostly painkillers. She was fired, reported to police and had her license suspended in February by the Minnesota Board of Nursing — one of 13 licensees to be disciplined over a roughly four-month period for stealing pain medication.
While drug thefts have long been an issue in hospitals and nursing homes, top health officials are taking new steps to address the problem. The Minnesota Hospital Association and state Health Department are organizing a coalition of hospitals and licensing boards to identify and close loopholes in drug-handling protocols that make it easier to steal.
"People are starting to realize that this is a serious and ongoing problem," said Keith Berge, who chairs Mayo Clinic's medication diversion prevention committee. "They're starting to recognize what they've been seeing. I think we've been seeing this all along and not recognizing it for what it is."
In perhaps the most dramatic recent case, a nurse anesthetist in Minneapolis was accused of taking most of the painkiller intended for a patient undergoing kidney stone surgery in November. A criminal complaint said the nurse told the patient to "man up" as he endured the worst pain.
Opioid pain relievers like fentanyl or oxycodone are the most commonly stolen prescription drugs, according to the Drug Enforcement Agency. Hospital workers have stolen them by replacing a patient's prescription with ibuprofen, siphoning medication from IV bags, taking leftovers meant for the trash, falsifying patient records and forging prescriptions.
Once someone is addicted to prescription drugs, they'll go to great lengths to get their fix, said Ron Buzzeo, who was deputy director of the DEA's Office of Diversion Control for more than two decades before retiring in 1990. He now consults for hospitals.
"People who are abusing drugs are extremely creative," Buzzeo said. "It's difficult to stay one step ahead of them."
There is no central tracking system for drug theft by medical personnel in Minnesota, and since facilities report incidents to a variety of entities, it's difficult to tell how often it happens. Many facilities don't report all drug thefts to the DEA, despite a federal law requiring that they do, said Jack Henderson, supervisor of the DEA's local diversion group.
Hospitals can be vulnerable if they don't have a thorough tracking system for their medications, ideally an electronic one. Since many drugs stolen are bound for the trash, hospitals should also have a disposal system that includes safeguards such as requiring half-empty bottles or syringes be returned to the pharmacy.
Tracking is generally done through software linked to password-protected medication cabinets called automated dispensing units. That lets facilities check for high-use patterns by a certain employee, or for more complaints of pain than usual from patients who should've received enough medication.
In the past decade, most hospitals in Minnesota have gotten automated dispensing machines. At Hennepin County Medical Center, they look like short, wide vending machines. When a nurse enters his or her password, a list of patients pops up, along with the medications for each. Once a medication is selected, a drawer pops open.
If a drug is packaged in a quantity larger than the patient's dose, the remainder must be thrown away. If it's a narcotic, many hospitals require nurses to have a co-worker verify they watched by typing their password into the machine.
After a 2008 incident in a Mayo hospital in Mankato in which a nurse replaced fentanyl with saline, Mayo Clinic in Rochester formed a committee to improve their protocols. All leftover medication from operating rooms is now collected in a locked drop box that's returned to the pharmacy, which randomly tests them to ensure they weren't diluted, Berge said. That method will soon include all high-use areas.
"This system is expensive, labor-intensive and somewhat cumbersome," Berge said, "but it's the only way you can close the loop on dealing with this problem.'"
In March, St. Cloud Hospital found itself dealing with a rash of unusual infections that it ultimately concluded were caused by a nurse using a syringe to steal painkiller from IV bags. The hospital has taken steps to make that harder, including placing tamper-resistant plastic caps over the ports where medication is added. Plastic bags are placed over the IV bags that can only be removed by perforating them.
High-tech systems such as dispensing machines are expensive. HCMC spent more than $2.5 million on its 80 machines. Smaller hospitals and nursing homes may rely on paper records to spot thefts.
Benedictine Health Systems, a long-term care provider with headquarters in Duluth and Cambridge, typically uses bound notebooks with numbered pages to document medication, and it'd be obvious if a page was missing, said Howard Juni, who provides medications to Benedictine facilities.
Some nursing homes use video cameras. That's how a Burnsville assisted living center caught a health care aide in 2009 stealing OxyContin from an 89-year-old resident and replacing it with ibuprofen. But Juni said placing video cameras in residents' rooms raises privacy issues and can be done only with permission and when there's reason to believe the employee is stealing.
Despite hospitals' best efforts, most experts say it's impossible to eliminate drug theft entirely.
"We could spend an infinite amount of money creating electric fences around these things, and we would still never completely stop the problem," Berge said.
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